Search: Start Page ➙ Language: Vietnamese (vie) Alternative Names  Kinh, Gin, Jing, Ching, Viet, Annamese Family/Group  Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer Area  SE Asia and Oceania General Data  spoken in Vietnam, Australia, Cambodia, Canada, China, Côte d'Ivoire, Finland, France, Germany, Laos, Martinique, Netherlands, New Caledonia, Norway, Philippines, Senegal, Thailand, United Kingdom, USA, Vanuatu Typological Information  • 11 vowels: a (low central), ă (short low central), â (short mid central), e (unrounded low front), ê (unrounded mid front), i (y) (unrounded high front), o (rounded low back), ô (rounded mid back), ơ (unrounded mid central), u (rounded high back), ư (unrounded high back) • 6 tones (high/mid level, low falling `, high/mid rising ´, creaking-rising ~, low dipping-rising ̉, constricted .) • tonal harmony (see Nguyen 1997: 27): requires that within a reduplicative pattern the two repeated syllables carry tones of the same register ([upper]: high/mid level, high/mid rising, low dipping-rising vs. [lower]: low falling, constricted, creaking-rising) • SVO • isolating Reduplication Form-Function  • partial (with fixed segmentism): diminution, pluralization, intensification • full: diminution, pluralization, intensification Relationship Form-Function  various forms - various functions Stylistic Information  poets take full advantage of reduplications - generally untranslatable - which help convey their feelings of vague melancholy, nostalgia, deep grief, or hesitation, etc. (cf. Nguyen 1997: 50; see also Nguyen 1997: 49-51, 56-57) Forms  Select Valueσ reduplicant with fixed segments word   Functions  Select Valuediminution intensification lexical enrichment pluralization Patterns  Select Valuefull partial Semantics  Select Valuediminuity intensity plurality   Word Classes  Select Value0 — noun 0 — other adjective/adverb — adjective/adverb noun — noun pronoun — pronoun verb — verb   All Examples  ⊟ References Nguyen, Dinh-Hoa 2001. "Vietnamese". In: Garry, Jane; Rubino, Carl, eds., Facts about the World's Languages: An Encyclopedia of the World's Major Languages: Past and Present, New York: H.W. Wilson  Nguyen, Dinh-Hoa 1997. Vietnamese: Tieng Viet Khong Son Phan. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company; (relevant pages: 27-28; 36; 40-41; 44-57; 122)  Nguyen, Thu, John Ingram 2006. "Reduplication and Word Stress in Vietnamese". In: Warren, Paul; Watson, Catherine I., eds., Proceedings of the 11th Australian International Conference on Speech Science & Technology, Canberra: Australian Speech Science & Technology Association Inc., 187-192     Terminology    Glossary    Field Descriptions

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