Search: Start Page ➙ Language: Karok (khy) Alternative Names  Karuk Family/Group  Hokan Area  North America General Data  • classified as isolate within the Hokan stock (cf. Haas 1980) • spoken in Northwestern California (Klamath River) • nearly extinct • close contact to Yurok (and Hupa) Typological Information  • (compared to other languages of nothern California) relatively simple consonant and vowel inventories • no dominant word order • bipartite structure of the verb stem: most disyllabic and polysyllabic verb stems can be analyzed as old prefix + root; roots are frozen in combination with one or more prefixes (cf. Hass 1980; Macaulay 1993) Reduplication Form-Function  The present definition of the types follows formal criteria. verb: • root • root without simplex • root with 'vocalic increment I' • root with 'vocalic increment I' without simplex • root with 'vocalic increment II' for verbs without (frozen) prefix: • stem • stem without simplex noun: • stem • stem without simplex Relationship Form-Function  various forms - various functions Reduplication System  Form: Verb stem structure: the bipartite structure of the majority of the Karok verb stems can be proofed by internal reconstruction (cf. Haas 1980); furthermore, the reduplication pattern of Karok verbs shows that this structure - although frozen - is somehow transperant and salient to the speakers (cf. Macaulay 1993). Reduplication with 'vocalic increment': A vowel - identical to the last vowel of the root is inserted between the root/stem and the reduplicant (cf. Macaulay 1993:75; Bright 1957: 90). There are two types, here refered as vocalic increment I and II. Type I can be explained diachronically whereas in type II the insertion of a vowel can be defined as epenthetic as consonant clusters within a syllable are unaccaptable in Karok (cf. Macaulay 1993: 75-80). Function: main functions (of verbal reduplication) are repetition, intensification, plural object Forms  Select Valueroot stem   Functions  Select Valueintensification lexical enrichment other pluralization Patterns  Select Valuefull Semantics  Select Valueintensity other plurality   Word Classes  Select Value0 — noun 0 — verb noun — noun verb — verb   All Examples  ⊟ References Bright, William 1957. The Karok Language. Berkeley/Los Angeles: University of Carlifornia Press  Haas , Mary R 1980. "Notes on Karok internal reconstruction". In: Klar, Kathryn, Langdon, Margaret, Silver, Shirley, eds., American Indian and Indoeuropean Studies. Papers in Honor of Madison S. Beeler, The Hague, Paris, New York: Mouton Publishers  Macaulay, Monica 1993. "Reduplication and the structure of the Karuk verb stem". In International Journal of American Linguistics 59/1: 64-81     Terminology    Glossary    Field Descriptions

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